SCOPUS 2015-2019

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A combined effect of plasmon energy transfer and recombination barrier in a novel TiO2/MgO/Ag working electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells
(Hindawi Limited, 2015) Chanu Photiphitak; Pattana Rakkwamsuk; Pennapa Muthitamongkol; Chanchana Thanachayanont; C. Thanachayanont; National Metal and Material Technology Center, 114, Thailand Science Park, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Phaholyothin Road, Klong 1, 12120, Thailand; email: chanchm@mtec.or.th
Novel TiO2/MgO/Ag composite electrodes were applied as working electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The TiO2/MgO/Ag composite films were prepared by dip coating method for MgO thin films and photoreduction method for Ag nanoparticles. The MgO film thicknesses and the Ag nanoparticle sizes were in ranges of 0.08-0.46 nm and 4.4-38.6 nm, respectively. The TiO2/MgO/Ag composite films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The TiO2/MgO/Ag composite electrodes were sensitized by immersing in a 0.3 mM of N719 dye solution and fabricated for conventional DSSCs. J-V characteristics of the TiO2/MgO/Ag DSSCs showed that the MgO film thickness of 0.1 nm and the Ag nanoparticle size of 4.4 nm resulted in maximum short circuit current density and efficiency of 8.6 mA/cm2 and 5.2%, respectively. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy showed that such values of short circuit current density and efficiency were optimal values obtained from plasmon energy transfer by 4.4 nm Ag nanoparticles and recombination barrier by the ultrathin MgO film. � 2015 Chanu Photiphitak et al.
A comparison of gravitational acceleration measurement methods for undergraduate experiment
(Institute of Physics Publishing, 2018) N. Suwanpayak; S. Sutthiyan; K. Kulsirirat; P. Srisongkram; C. Teeka; P. Buranasiri; N. Suwanpayak; Department of General Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon, Thailand; email: ksnathap@gmail.com
This research aimed to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g), by using the methods of free fall, simple pendulum, physical pendulum and an Atwood's machine in the undergraduate laboratory. The experiments were designed for students to explore, analyze the data and interpreting the results by using the principle of a Physics laboratory. The mean experimental values of acceleration due to the gravity of free fall, simple pendulum, physical pendulum and the Atwood's machine were 9.64 m/s 2 , 9.67 m/s 2 , 10.88 m/s 2 and 10.47 m/s 2 , respectively. � Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.
A correlation analysis between sentimental comment and numerical response in students' feedback
(Asian Research Publishing Network, 2015) Phuripoj Kaewyong; Anupong Sukprasert; Naomie Salim; Fatin Aliah Phang; P. Kaewyong; Information Technology Department, Suan Dusit University, Thailand; email: phuripoj@yahoo.com
This paper aims to study a qualitative measuring of students' comments using sentiment analysis to teacher evaluation and investigate its qualitative analysis. A small dataset of students' feedbacks was collected from the public website and was utilized in the experimental. We performed the lexicon based sentiment analysis to identify sentiment word and determine overall sentiment polarity of students' comment into positive and negative classes based on Opinion Lexicon automatically. A comparison between overall sentiment scores and numerical response scores of teacher evaluation aspects were evaluated and plotted into graphs in order to compare the relationship between each pair of two variables. Especially, we applied the statistical techniques using Pearson's correlation and Spearman's rank to confirm these visual correlation results. The experimental results suggested that there is a significant correlation between overall sentiment scores from its qualitative analysis and numerical response scores of teacher evaluation aspects. Based on this, it might be possible to convert from qualitative to quantitative type of teacher evaluation by performing lexicon based sentiment analysis.
A coupled system of fractional difference equations with nonlocal fractional sum boundary conditions on the discrete half-line
(MDPI AG, 2019) Jarunee Soontharanon; Saowaluck Chasreechai; Thanin Sitthiwirattham; S. Chasreechai; Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand; email: saowaluck.c@sci.kmutnb.ac.th
In this article, we propose a coupled system of fractional difference equations with nonlocal fractional sum boundary conditions on the discrete half-line and study its existence result by using Schauder's fixed point theorem. An example is provided to illustrate the results. � 2019 by the authors.
A Cross Sectional Study of the Ten Longest Ultra-Long-Range Air Routes
(Sciendo, 2019) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
In recent times, several airlines have commenced the operation of ultra-long-range (ULR) services. Using a mixed methods research approach, this paper examines the aircraft deployment, the target passenger market segments, the aircraft cabin configurations, the flight stage lengths and the available seat kilometres (ASKs) produced on the world's ten longest air routes. The study found that some airlines are operating ultra-long-range services on a hub-to-hub basis, whilst other airlines are operating these services to open new spoke city markets. The case airlines are targeting the premium and leisure travel market segments. The Boeing 787-9 is the most popular aircraft type for these services followed by the Airbus A380-800 and the Boeing B777-200LR aircraft. Qatar Airways Doha to Auckland service has the longest flight stage length (14,535 kilometres). The other 9 air routes all exceed 13,400 kilometres in length. The greatest number of annual ASKs are produced on the Emirates Dubai to Auckland services (5.09 billion ASKs) and the smallest number of annual ASKs are on the Qantas Airways Perth to London services (2.49 billion ASKs). � 2019 Transport and Telecommunication Institute, published by Sciendo.
A forecasting tool for predicting Australia�s domestic airline passenger demand using a genetic algorithm
(Departamento de Ciencia e Tecnologia Aeroespacial, 2015) Panarat Srisaeng; Glenn Baxter; Steven Richardson; Graham Wild; G. Wild; RMIT University, School of Aerospace, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Engineering, Melbourne, 124 La Trobe Stm, 3000, Australia; email: graham.wild@rmit.edu.au
This study has proposed and empirically tested for the first time genetic algorithm optimization models for modelling Australia�s domestic airline passenger demand, as measured by enplaned passengers (GAPAXDE model) and revenue passenger kilometres performed (GARPKSDE model). Data was divided into training and testing datasets; 74 training datasets were used to estimate the weighting factors of the genetic algorithm models and 13 out-of-sample datasets were used for testing the robustness of the genetic algorithm models. The genetic algorithm parameters used in this study comprised population size (n): 200; the generation number: 1,000; and mutation rate: 0.01. The modelling results have shown that both the quadratic GAPAXDE and GARPKSDE models are more accurate, reliable, and have greater predictive capability as compared to the linear models. The mean absolute percentage error in the out of sample testing dataset for the GAPAXDE and GARPKSDE quadratic models are 2.55 and 2.23%, respectively. � 2015, Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management. All Rights Reserved.
A memorization approach for test case generation in concurrent UML activity diagram
(Association for Computing Machinery, 2019) Siriluck Lorpunmanee; Suwatchai Kamonsantiroj; Luepol Pipanmaekaporn
Test case generation is the most important part of software testing. Currently, researchers have used the UML activity diagram for test case generation. Testing concurrent system is difficult task due to the concurrent interaction among the threads and the system results in test case explosion. In this paper, we proposed a novel approach to generate test cases for concurrent systems using a dynamic programming technique with tester specification to avoid the path explosion. The tester can configure the concurrency specifications that follow the business flow constraints. In order to evaluate the quality of test cases, activity coverage and causal ordering coverage were measured. By experimental results, the proposed approach is superior as compared to DFS and BFS algorithms. Finally, the proposed approach helps to avoid generating all possible concurrent activity paths which are able to minimize test cases explosion. � 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
A new class of four-point fractional sum boundary value problems for nonlinear sequential fractional difference equations involving shift operators
(University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, 2018) J. Reunsumrit; T. Sitthiwirattham
In this article, we study the existence result for a Riemann-Liouville fractional difference equation with four-point fractional sum boundary value conditions, by using the Sadovskii's fixed point theorem. Our problem contains the shift operators on fractional difference operators that are different orders. Finally, we present an example to show the importance of these result. � University of Kragujevac - Faculty of Science, 2018.
A review of human factors causations in commercial air transport accidents and incidents: From to 2000�2016
(Elsevier Ltd, 2018) Husam Kharoufah; John Murray; Glenn Baxter; Graham Wild; G. Wild; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; email: graham.wild@rmit.edu.au
Human factors have been defined by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) as �about people in their living and working situations; about their relationship with machines, with procedures and with the environment about them; and about their relationships with other people (at work)�. Human factors contribute to approximately 75% of aircraft accidents and incidents. As such, understanding their influence is essential to improve safety in the aviation industry. This study examined the different human factors causations in a random sample of over 200 commercial air transport accidents and incidents from 2000 to 2016. The main objective of this study was to identify the principal human factor contributions to aviation accidents and incidents. An exploratory research design was utilised. The qualitative data were recorded in a database, and were coded into categories about the flights (including date, manufacturer, carrier, state of occurrence, etc). These categories were then analysed using Chi-Squared tests to determine which were statistically significant in terms of having an influence on the accidents/incidents. The most significant human factor was found to be situational awareness followed by non-adherence to procedures. In addition, charter operations proved to have a significantly higher rate of human factor related occurrence as compared to other type of operations. A significant finding was that Africa has a high rate of accidents/incidents relative to the amount of traffic and aircraft movements. These findings reflect some of the more noteworthy incidents that have received significant media attention, including Air Asia 8501 on the 28th of December 2014, TransAsia Airways 235 on the 4th of February 2015, and Air France 447 on the 1st of June 2009; these accidents resulted in a significant loss of lives where situational awareness and non-adherence to procedures were significant contributing factors. � 2018
A strategic analysis of Cargolux airlines international position in the global air cargo supply chain using Porter�s five forces model
(MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2019) Glenn Baxter; G. Baxter; School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Suan Dusit University, Hua Hin Prachaup, Khiri Khan, 77110, Thailand; email: g_glennbax@dusit.ac.th
The objective of this research was to examine Cargolux Airlines International�s, one of the world�s major dedicated all-cargo airlines, strategic position in the global air cargo supply chain. To achieve this objective, a qualitative research approach was used. The data gathered for the study was examined by document analysis. The strategic analysis of Cargolux Airlines International was underpinned using Porter�s Five Forces Model. The study found that Cargolux has developed an extensive portfolio of products that satisfy discrete air cargo market segments� requirements. The airline has also entered strategic partnership agreements with Emirates SkyCargo, Nippon Cargo Airlines (NCA), and Oman Air, which has enabled the partners to expand their route networks and to better optimize their available air cargo capacities. Cargolux has also established Milan-based Cargo Italia, which focuses on serving the important Italian air cargo market. The airline has also developed a successful two hub strategy in conjunction with one of its major shareholders, Henan Civil Aviation and Investment Company (HNCA). In 2017, Cargolux commenced a journey of transformation with the introduction of the �Cargolux 2025 Strategy�. A limitation of the study was that Cargolux�s annual revenues were not available. It was, therefore, not possible to analyze the airline�s revenue performance. � 2019 by the author
Adsorbed protein on P25 nanoparticles-synthesis, characterization and electrochemical property
(American Institute of Physics Inc., 2018) Weerachon Phoohinkong; Thitinart Sukonket; Kanokthip Boonyarattanakalin; W. Phoohinkong; Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Dusit University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; email: p_veerachon@hotmail.com
Keratin modification on surface of titanium dioxide P25 was carried out from titanium dioxide suspension and keratin solution extracted from swine wool. The existence of amide component, protein functional groups dissociated to active protein moieties and attached to titanium dioxide surface in form of hybrid nanomaterial were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The keratin protein decorated on particle surfaces was observed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Chemical states and bonding at the nano-biomolecule interfaces with titanium dioxide were investigated using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Protein concentration is considered as roles for protein modification, surface bonding, chemical states and protein adsorption. The Ti3+ and Ti2+ surface and high adsorption degree can be obtained at low concentration of protein solution with P25. However, the strong bonding between protein and TiO2 obtained in high protein concentration with Ti3+ and Ti2+ species result disappear for Ti3+ and Ti2+ XPS peaks. The adsorbed protein reveals secondary structure of random coil keratin with strong bonding conjugated to the titanium dioxide surface. The strong binding between protein and TiO2 surface in this novel protein-TiO2 hybrid material shows a promising alternative way for advance tunable electronic structure and charge transport mechanism which enhance electrochemical capacitance by mean of double layer and pseudo-capacitive behavior. � 2018 Author(s).
Air-borne xylene degradation by Bougainvillea buttiana and the role of epiphytic bacteria in the degradation
(Academic Press, 2016) S. Sangthong; P. Suksabye; P. Thiravetyan; P. Thiravetyan; School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, 10150, Thailand; email: paitip.thi@kmutt.ac.th
The efficiency of xylene removal from contaminated air by thirteen perennial plants was studied. The results showed that Bougainvillea buttiana had the highest xylene removal efficiency. Different parts of B. buttiana such as stems, epicuticular waxes, and plant stomata (including microorganism-associated plant leaves) can uptake xylene 53.1�1.9%, 32.3�0.9, and 14.6�0.0%, respectively. Metabolite products found in treated plants may result from stress or defense compounds triggered by exposure to xylene. Moreover, possible degradation products in B. buttiana stems were analyzed after treatment with xylene at 100. ppm. Various metabolites in B. buttiana stems such as 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxy benzoic acid, 1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene, p-tolualdehyde, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, 3-methyl-2-butenal, dihydroxy acetone, propanedial, and many organic acids are related to the xylene degradation pathway. In addition, microorganism-associated B. buttiana leaves especially Enterobacter cloacae LSRC11, Staphylococcus sp. A1 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa enhanced the plant resulting in quicker xylene removal. � 2015 Elsevier Inc.
An assessment of airport sustainability, part 1-waste management at Copenhagen Airport
(MDPI AG, 2018) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild; G. Wild; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia; email: graham.wild@rmit.edu.au
Airports play a vital role in the air transport industry value chain, acting as the interface point between the air and surface transport modes. However, substantial volumes of waste are produced as a by-product of the actors' operations. Waste management is therefore becoming especially important to airports. Using a qualitative and quantitative case study research approach, this paper has examined the waste management strategies and systems at Copenhagen Airport, Scandinavia's major air traffic hub, from 1999 to 2016. The two major sources of waste at Copenhagen Airport are the waste generated from aircraft serving the airport and the waste arising from ground activities undertaken in the land and airside precincts. The growth in passengers and aircraft movements has had a concomitant impact on the volume of waste generated. Swept waste and sludge are processed by an external provider. Waste generated in the passenger terminals and the airport operator's facilities is handled at a central container station, where it is sorted for incineration, recycling or for landfill. The environmental impact of the waste produced at the airport is mitigated through the recycling of waste wherever possible. � 2018 by the authors.
An assessment of airport sustainability, part 2-Energy management at Copenhagen Airport
(MDPI AG, 2018) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild; G. Wild; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia; email: graham.wild@rmit.edu.au
Airports play a critical role in the air transport value chain. Each air transport value chain stakeholder requires energy to conduct their operations. Airports are extremely energy intensive. Greenhouse gases are a by-product from energy generation and usage. Consequently, airports are increasingly trying to sustainably manage their energy requirements as part of their environmental policies and strategies. This study used an exploratory qualitative and quantitative case study research approach to empirically examine Copenhagen Airport, Scandinavia's major air traffic hub, sustainable airport energy management practices and energy-saving initiatives. For Copenhagen Airport, the most significant environmental impact factors occurring from energy usage are the CO2 emissions arising from both the air side and land side operations. Considering this, the airport has identified many ways to manage and mitigate the environmental impact from energy consumption on both the air and land side operations. Importantly, the application of technological solutions, systems and process enhancements and collaboration with key stakeholders has contributed to the airport's success in mitigating the environmental impact from energy usage at the airport whilst at the same time achieving energy savings. � 2018 by the authors.
An assessment of airport sustainability: Part 3-water management at Copenhagen Airport
(MDPI AG, 2019) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild; G. Baxter; School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Suan Dusit University, Huahin Prachaup Khiri Khan, 77110, Thailand; email: g_glennbax@dusit.ac.th
Sustainable water management is critical for airports as they consume substantial volumes of water to maintain their infrastructure and operations. Airports also generate large volumes of surface and waste waters. The aim of this study was to examine Copenhagen Airport's sustainable water management strategies and systems from 2006 to 2016. The study used a longitudinal qualitative research design. The annual water consumption at Copenhagen Airport has risen from 2006 to 2016 in line with the increased passenger volumes and aircraft movements. Drinking water is sourced from the Taarnby and Drag�r municipal water works. Non-potable water is used wherever possible and is sourced from a local remedial drilling. Copenhagen Airport uses two separate sewer systems for handling surface and wastewater. These waters are not discharged to same system due to their different nature. To mitigate environmental risks and impacts on soil, water, and local communities; the quality of drinking, ground, and surface water are regularly monitored. The airport has implemented various water saving initiatives, such as, an aquifer thermal energy system, to reduce water consumption. The strategies, systems, and the water-saving initiatives have successfully underpinned Copenhagen Airport's sustainable water management. � 2019 by the authors.
An assessment of sustainable airport water management: The case of Osaka�s Kansai international airport
(MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2018) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild; G. Wild; School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Australia; email: graham.wild@rmit.edu.au
Airports are an essential infrastructure to facilitate aviation. The substantial growth of aviation has led to a significant increase in water usage by airports. Airports also generate large volumes of wastewater that may include contaminants. Hence, understanding sustainable water management practices is essential in the aviation industry. In this study, an exploratory research design was utilized in the examination of the sustainable water management strategies and systems at Kansai International Airport from 2002 to 2016. The qualitative data were examined using document analysis as part of a case study. The quantitative data were analyzed using regression analysis as part of a longitudinal study. The airport has been able to reduce the total water consumption, water consumption per passenger, and water consumption per aircraft movement, even with increased traffic in recent years. The airport sources water from the municipal authorities and reclaims water for non-potable water uses. The airport conducts regular water quality tests which measure the Chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphates. The airport�s onsite wastewater processing centre processes all wastewaters, which discharges non-reclaimed water into Osaka Bay. With a decrease in water consumption, there has similarly been a decrease in the need to treat wastewater, while the reclaimed water ratio has increased over the period of the study. � 2018 by the authors.
An improved paperless process model for qualification assurance in higher education
(Association for Computing Machinery, 2019) Putsadee Pornphol; Tuan Tongkeo
It is greatly necessary for higher education in Thailand to enhance the quality and competitiveness of education, placing a clear emphasis on the specialization in both general and specific fields of study. Supported by the consistent development of quality and standards admired by service users, the quality assurance has become an integral part of quality development of higher education as it can guarantee the enhanced quality and standards of institutional management from the most fundamental to highly advanced levels. Therefore, higher education is required to evolve new dynamic systems and mechanisms of quality assurance in an efficient and consistent manner. Educational personnel have been encouraged to keep pace with the advancement of the quality assurance to be part of their routine education-related tasks, inspired by the application of modern technology to ensure greater accountability and convenience in using the required information. Significantly, the quality assurance has been expected to reduce redundant costs and excessive resources for Thailand�s education industry. The purpose of this research is to urge higher education to pay greater attention to the development of the �paperless system� in line with the Thai Qualifications Framework for Higher Education (TQF: HEd) is based on the Information System Development Life Cycle and the CSIPOCF model. � 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
An integrative literature review: Health literacy and learning ability among older adults with chronic illness
(Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency and Critical Care Medicine (TSGECM), 2019) Thitaporn Keinwong; Wilaiwan Pathike; Sharyn Hunter; Naphatsakon Vitoonmatha; Sresuda Wongwisetkul; T. Keinwong; Faculty of Nursing, Suan Dusit University, Bangkok, Thailand; email: Thitaporn.Keinwong@uon.edu.au
Background: Chronic illness is life adversity that suffered older people. Health literacy plays an essential role to improve their quality of life, also relates to how the elder learned from their entire lives. To promote suitable health care, an understanding of health literacy in older people is needed to be described and expanded. This study aims to understand an existing knowledge about health literacy and learning ability among older people who experience chronic illness. It will consequentially guide to improve the older wellbeing and deliver better care services. Design: An integrative review of literature. Methods: This review was limited to original articles in English and Thai. Bowling and Pearson's quality appraisal were critically reviewed to integrate the results of the literature. Results: This study delivered the three associated issues about health literacy and their learning ability to promote and improve health among older people with chronic illness. There were; 1) health literacy and older people, 2) related factors of learning in older adults and older adults with chronic illness, and 3) health literacy among older people with chronic illness. Conclusion: Existing knowledge of health literacy and learning ability among older adults with chronic illness was dismissed. Low level of health literacy significantly has a diverse impact on their holistic health. Social and cultural issues were found as both positive and negative related to their learning. An appropriated approach to understanding the uniqueness of each older person is required for future learning health literacy. Copyright � 2019, Taiwan Society of Geriatric Emergency & Critical CareMedicine.
An Occupational Health Education Program for Thai Farmers Exposed to Chlorpyrifos
(SAGE Publications Inc., 2018) Peerayut Rattanaselanon; Srirat Lormphongs; Sirirat Chanvaivit; Ikuharu Morioka; Panawat Sanprakhon; P. Rattanaselanon; Burapha University, Chonburi, Thailand; email: yut_ph_nu@hotmail.com
The majority of the farmers in this sample of Thai farmers did not use sufficient self-protective behaviors when using the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos. Most were directly exposed to chlorpyrifos, potentially leading to illnesses. The aim of this study was to improve safety behaviors when using chlorpyrifos by an occupational health education program. A controlled trial (n = 70) of an occupational health education program was undertaken in rural Thailand prior to the occupational health education program. There were no differences in behavior between experimental and control groups. Completion of the program led to a significant improvement in safe working practices and in the amount of the metabolite. However, significant differences were noticed after participating in the occupational health education program on both safety behaviors and the amount of the metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol present in urine. � 2018 APJPH.
Angelica sinensis (Umbelliferae) with proven repellent properties against Aedes aegypti, the primary dengue fever vector in Thailand
(Springer Verlag, 2015) D. Champakaew; A. Junkum; U. Chaithong; A. Jitpakdi; D. Riyong; R. Sanghong; J. Intirach; R. Muangmoon; A. Chansang; B. Tuetun; B. Pitasawat
Botanical resources with great diversity in medicinal and aromatic plants are a rich and reliable source for finding insect repellents of plant origin, which are widely popular among today�s consumers. Although some herbal-based repellents have been proven comparable to or even better than synthetics, commercially available natural repellents generally tend to be expensive, with short-lived effectiveness. This critical flaw leads to ongoing research for new and effective repellents, which provide longer protection against vector and nuisance-biting insects, while remaining safe, user friendly, and reasonably priced. This study aimed to evaluate the repellent activity of plant-derived products against the primary dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, by following the human bait technique of World Health Organization guidelines. Preliminary laboratory screening tests for repellency of 33 plant species clearly demonstrated Angelica sinensis as the most effective repellent from each kind of extracted product, with its essential oil and ethanolic extract having median complete protection times of 7.0�h (6.0�7.5) and 2.5�h (2.0�2.5), respectively. Due to its low yield (0.02�%), pungent smell, and little cause of irritation, A. sinensis essential oil did not qualify as a candidate for further repellent assessment. However, subsequent extractions of A. sinensis with different organic solvents of increasing polarity provided four extractants with varying degrees of repellency against A. aegypti. The hexane extract of A. sinensis provided excellent repellency, with a median complete protection time of 7.5�h (6.5�8.5), which was longer than that of ethanol (2.5, 2.0�2.5�h), acetone (1.75, 0.5�2.5�h), and methanol extracts (0.5, 0�1.0�h). By being the most effective product, A. sinensis hexane extract gave significant protection comparable to that of its essential oil and the standard synthetic repellent, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET: 6.25, 5.0�6.5�h). Qualitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated the presence of phthalides and phthalates, including 3-N-butylphthalide, butylidenephthalide, ligustilide, and di-iso-octyl phthalate, as the principal constituents in A. sinensis products. The success of A. sinensis products, particularly that of hexane extract, has proved their potential as bioactive candidates in the next step for developing and producing alternative natural repellents with commercial aspirations. � 2015, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

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