Remarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

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dc.contributor.authorRukpong Sanghong
dc.contributor.authorAnuluck Junkum
dc.contributor.authorUdom Chaithong
dc.contributor.authorAtchariya Jitpakdi
dc.contributor.authorDoungrat Riyong
dc.contributor.authorBenjawan Tuetun
dc.contributor.authorDaruna Champakaew
dc.contributor.authorJitrawadee Intirach
dc.contributor.authorRoongtawan Muangmoon
dc.contributor.authorArpaporn Chansang
dc.contributor.authorBenjawan Pitasawat
dc.contributor.correspondenceA. Junkum; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; email: anuluck.j@cmu.ac.th
dc.date.accessioned2025-03-10T07:36:30Z
dc.date.available2025-03-10T07:36:30Z
dc.date.issued2015
dc.description.abstractAbstract Background: For personal protection against mosquito bites, user-friendly natural repellents, particularly from plant origin, are considered as a potential alternative to applications currently based on synthetics such as DEET, the standard chemical repellent. This study was carried out in Thailand to evaluate the repellency of Ligusticum sinense hexane extract (LHE) against laboratory Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti, the primary vectors of malaria and dengue fever, respectively. Methods: Repellent testing of 25% LHE against the two target mosquitoes; An. minimus and Ae. aegypti, was performed and compared to the standard repellent, DEET, with the assistance of six human volunteers of either sex under laboratory conditions. The physical and biological stability of LHE also was determined after keeping it in conditions that varied in temperature and storage time. Finally, LHE was analysed chemically using the qualitative GC/MS technique in order to demonstrate a profile of chemical constituents. Results: Ethanol preparations of LHE, with and without 5% vanillin, demonstrated a remarkably effective performance when compared to DEET in repelling both An. minimus and Ae. aegypti. While 25% LHE alone provided median complete-protection times against An. minimus and Ae. aegypti of 11.5 (9.0-14.0) hours and 6.5 (5.5-9.5) hours, respectively, the addition of 5% vanillin increased those times to 12.5 (9.0-16.0) hours and 11.0 (7.0-13.5) hours, respectively. Correspondingly, vanillin added to 25% DEET also extended the protection times from 11.5 (10.5-15.0) hours to 14.25 (11.0-18.0) hours and 8.0 (5.0-9.5) hours to 8.75 (7.5-11.0) hours against An. minimus and Ae. aegypti, respectively. No local skin reaction such as rash, swelling or irritation was observed during the study period. Although LHE samples kept at ambient temperature (21-35�C), and 45�C for 1, 2 and 3 months, demonstrated similar physical characteristics, such as similar viscosity and a pleasant odour, to those that were fresh and stored at 4�C, their colour changed from light- to dark-brown. Interestingly, repellency against Ae. aegypti of stored LHE was presented for a period of at least 3 months, with insignificantly varied efficacy. Chemical analysis revealed that the main components of LHE were 3-N-butylphthalide (31.46%), 2, 5-dimethylpyridine (21.94%) and linoleic acid (16.41%), constituting 69.81% of all the extract composition. Conclusions: LHE with proven repellent efficacy, no side effects on the skin, and a rather stable state when kept in varied conditions is considered to be a potential candidate for developing a new natural alternative to DEET, or an additional weapon for integrated vector control when used together with other chemicals/measures. � 2015 Sanghong et al.
dc.identifier.citationMalaria Journal
dc.identifier.doi10.1186/s12936-015-0816-y
dc.identifier.issn14752875
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-84938819674
dc.identifier.urihttps://repository.dusit.ac.th//handle/123456789/4832
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherBioMed Central
dc.rightsAll Open Access; Gold Open Access; Green Open Access
dc.rights.holderScopus
dc.subjectAedes aegypti
dc.subjectAnopheles minimus
dc.subjectLigusticum sinense
dc.subjectMosquitoes
dc.subjectRepellents
dc.titleRemarkable repellency of Ligusticum sinense (Umbelliferae), a herbal alternative against laboratory populations of Anopheles minimus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
dc.typeArticle
mods.location.urlhttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84938819674&doi=10.1186%2fs12936-015-0816-y&partnerID=40&md5=fd65a707a58aa2590bf0ba1c1df1eb46
oaire.citation.issue1
oaire.citation.volume14
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