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A Cross Sectional Study of the Ten Longest Ultra-Long-Range Air Routes
(Sciendo, 2019-04-01) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
In recent times, several airlines have commenced the operation of ultra-long-range (ULR) services. Using a mixed methods research approach, this paper examines the aircraft deployment, the target passenger market segments, the aircraft cabin configurations, the flight stage lengths and the available seat kilometres (ASKs) produced on the world's ten longest air routes. The study found that some airlines are operating ultra-long-range services on a hub-to-hub basis, whilst other airlines are operating these services to open new spoke city markets. The case airlines are targeting the premium and leisure travel market segments. The Boeing 787-9 is the most popular aircraft type for these services followed by the Airbus A380-800 and the Boeing B777-200LR aircraft. Qatar Airways Doha to Auckland service has the longest flight stage length (14,535 kilometres). The other 9 air routes all exceed 13,400 kilometres in length. The greatest number of annual ASKs are produced on the Emirates Dubai to Auckland services (5.09 billion ASKs) and the smallest number of annual ASKs are on the Qantas Airways Perth to London services (2.49 billion ASKs). © 2019 Transport and Telecommunication Institute, published by Sciendo.
A qualitative assessment of a full-service network airline sustainable energy management: The case of finnair plc
(World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society, 2021) Panarat Srisaeng; Glenn Baxter; Graham Wild
-Airlines are extremely energy intensive. Around the world airlines are increasingly focusing on the environmentally sustainable energy management. Using a qualitative longitudinal case study research approach, this study examines Finnair’s sustainable energy management over the period 2010 to 2019. The airline’s major energy source is jet fuel used for the operation of the airline’s aircraft fleet and the electricity which is used to power its facilities located at Helsinki Airport. The study found that Finnair’s annual jet fuel consumption has grown throughout the study due to the airline’s route network and aircraft fleet expansion. The fuel required for ground vehicles has risen reflecting greater operational requirements due to the company’s expansion. The annual consumption of electricity and electricity for heating has displayed a general downward trend during the study period. The annual electricity per passenger has also decreased despite the large growth in passenger numbers. Finnair has increased its use of renewable energy sources for its flight and ground operations. A key energy saving strategy has been the acquisition and operation of a modern state-of-the-art, fuel efficient aircraft fleet. © 2021, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society. All rights reserved.
Airport Related Emissions and their Impact on Air Quality at a Major Japanese Airport: The Case of Kansai International Airport
(Sciendo, 2020-04-01) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
The objective of this study was to investigate the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of an airport, to determine if strategies are helping to achieve sustainability targets. Kansai International Airport was selected as the case study, and it is Japan's third largest airport and there was readily available comprehensive data to enable a study to be undertaken. The airport has a dedicated environmental division and has implemented various initiatives over the past decade or so to reduce the airport's impact on the surrounding environment, especially since it is in Osaka Bay. The research used an exploratory design, with an initial qualitative case study, followed by a quantitative longitudinal study, utilizing correlation to assess trends over time. Results showed statistically significant reductions in carbon dioxide (CO2) emission from the three facets of airport operations, both in terms of the number of passengers and number of aircraft serviced by the airport. As a result, the initiatives undertaken at Kansai International Airport could be adapted and used by other airports to help reduce their carbon dioxide emissions. © 2020 Glenn Baxter et al., published by Sciendo.
An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for forecasting Australia's domestic low cost carrier passenger demand
(Taylor and Francis Ltd., 2015-07-03) Panarat Srisaeng; Glenn Baxter; Graham Wild
This study has proposed and empirically tested two Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models for the first time for predicting Australia's domestic low cost carriers demand, as measured by enplaned passengers (PAX Model) and revenue passenger kilometres performed (RPKs Model). In the ANFIS, both the learning capabilities of an artificial neural network (ANN) and the reasoning capabilities of fuzzy logic are combined to provide enhanced prediction capabilities, as compared to using a single methodology. Sugeno fuzzy rules were used in the ANFIS structure and the Gaussian membership function and linear membership functions were also developed. The hybrid learning algorithm and the subtractive clustering partition method were used to generate the optimum ANFIS models. Data was normalized in order to increase the model's training performance. The results found that the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for the overall data set of the PAX and RPKs models was 1.52% and 1.17%, respectively. The highest R2-value for the PAX model was 0.9949 and 0.9953 for the RPKs model, demonstrating that the models have high predictive capabilities. © 2015 Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) Press.
An assessment of airport sustainability, part 1-waste management at Copenhagen Airport
(MDPI AG, 2018-03-01) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
Airports play a vital role in the air transport industry value chain, acting as the interface point between the air and surface transport modes. However, substantial volumes of waste are produced as a by-product of the actors' operations. Waste management is therefore becoming especially important to airports. Using a qualitative and quantitative case study research approach, this paper has examined the waste management strategies and systems at Copenhagen Airport, Scandinavia's major air traffic hub, from 1999 to 2016. The two major sources of waste at Copenhagen Airport are the waste generated from aircraft serving the airport and the waste arising from ground activities undertaken in the land and airside precincts. The growth in passengers and aircraft movements has had a concomitant impact on the volume of waste generated. Swept waste and sludge are processed by an external provider. Waste generated in the passenger terminals and the airport operator's facilities is handled at a central container station, where it is sorted for incineration, recycling or for landfill. The environmental impact of the waste produced at the airport is mitigated through the recycling of waste wherever possible. © 2018 by the authors.
An Assessment of Airport Sustainability, Part 2—Energy Management at Copenhagen Airport
(MDPI AG, 2018-06-01) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
Airports play a critical role in the air transport value chain. Each air transport value chain stakeholder requires energy to conduct their operations. Airports are extremely energy intensive. Greenhouse gases are a by-product from energy generation and usage. Consequently, airports are increasingly trying to sustainably manage their energy requirements as part of their environmental policies and strategies. This study used an exploratory qualitative and quantitative case study research approach to empirically examine Copenhagen Airport, Scandinavia's major air traffic hub, sustainable airport energy management practices and energy-saving initiatives. For Copenhagen Airport, the most significant environmental impact factors occurring from energy usage are the CO2 emissions arising from both the air side and land side operations. Considering this, the airport has identified many ways to manage and mitigate the environmental impact from energy consumption on both the air and land side operations. Importantly, the application of technological solutions, systems and process enhancements and collaboration with key stakeholders has contributed to the airport's success in mitigating the environmental impact from energy usage at the airport whilst at the same time achieving energy savings. © 2018 by the authors.
An assessment of airport sustainability: Part 3-water management at Copenhagen Airport
(MDPI AG, 2019-09-01) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
Sustainable water management is critical for airports as they consume substantial volumes of water to maintain their infrastructure and operations. Airports also generate large volumes of surface and waste waters. The aim of this study was to examine Copenhagen Airport's sustainable water management strategies and systems from 2006 to 2016. The study used a longitudinal qualitative research design. The annual water consumption at Copenhagen Airport has risen from 2006 to 2016 in line with the increased passenger volumes and aircraft movements. Drinking water is sourced from the Taarnby and Dragør municipal water works. Non-potable water is used wherever possible and is sourced from a local remedial drilling. Copenhagen Airport uses two separate sewer systems for handling surface and wastewater. These waters are not discharged to same system due to their different nature. To mitigate environmental risks and impacts on soil, water, and local communities; the quality of drinking, ground, and surface water are regularly monitored. The airport has implemented various water saving initiatives, such as, an aquifer thermal energy system, to reduce water consumption. The strategies, systems, and the water-saving initiatives have successfully underpinned Copenhagen Airport's sustainable water management. © 2019 by the authors.
An assessment of sustainable airport water management: The case of Osaka’s Kansai international airport
(MDPI Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2018) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
Airports are an essential infrastructure to facilitate aviation. The substantial growth of aviation has led to a significant increase in water usage by airports. Airports also generate large volumes of wastewater that may include contaminants. Hence, understanding sustainable water management practices is essential in the aviation industry. In this study, an exploratory research design was utilized in the examination of the sustainable water management strategies and systems at Kansai International Airport from 2002 to 2016. The qualitative data were examined using document analysis as part of a case study. The quantitative data were analyzed using regression analysis as part of a longitudinal study. The airport has been able to reduce the total water consumption, water consumption per passenger, and water consumption per aircraft movement, even with increased traffic in recent years. The airport sources water from the municipal authorities and reclaims water for non-potable water uses. The airport conducts regular water quality tests which measure the Chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and total phosphates. The airport’s onsite wastewater processing centre processes all wastewaters, which discharges non-reclaimed water into Osaka Bay. With a decrease in water consumption, there has similarly been a decrease in the need to treat wastewater, while the reclaimed water ratio has increased over the period of the study. © 2018 by the authors.
Environmentally Sustainable Airline Waste Management: The Case of Finnair PLC
(Kauno Technologijos Universitetas, 2021-12-09) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
Airlines around the world are increasingly focusing on the environmentally sustainable management of wastes produced as a by-product of their operations. The objective of this work was to analyze Finnair’s non-hazardous waste (NHW) types and quantities, their NHW management strategies, and the methods used to mitigate the environmental impact of their NHW, over the period 2008 to 2019. To achieve these objectives, the study was underpinned by an in-depth mixed methods research design; this incorporated a quantitative longitudinal study and a qualitative document analysis. The results revealed that despite significant growth of their operations, Finnair’s annual NHWs have declined over the study period. Finnair’s annual NHWs decreased from 5,710 tonnes in 2008 to 4,212.01 tonnes in 2019. The primary waste disposal methods used by the airline are waste-to-energy recovery and waste recycling, both in-house and by external third-party service providers. Smaller quantities of wastes are composted. Since 2015, the company has had a policy of not disposing wastes to landfill. © 2021, Kauno Technologijos Universitetas. All rights reserved.
Machine Learning for Air Transport Planning and Management
(American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA, 2022) Graham Wild; Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Steven Richardson
In this work we compare the performance of several machine learning algorithms applied to the problem of modelling air transport demand. Forecasting in the air transport industry is an essential part of planning and managing because of the economic and financial aspects of the industry. The traditional approach used in airline operations as specified by the International Civil Aviation Organization is the use of a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, utilizing cost variables and economic factors. Here, the performance of models utilizing an artificial neural network (ANN), an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), a genetic algorithm, a support vector machine, and a regression tree are compared to MLR. The ANN and ANFIS had the best performance in terms of the lowest mean squared error. © 2022, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
Sustainable airport waste management: The case of Kansai international airport
(MDPI AG, 2018) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
The global air transport industry is predicted to continue its rapid growth. A by-product of air transport operations, however, is the substantial volumes of waste generated at airports. To mitigate the environmental impact of waste and to comply with regulatory requirements, airports are increasingly implementing sustainable waste management policies and systems. Using an in-depth case study research design, this study has examined waste management at Kansai International Airport from 2002 to 2015. Throughout its history the airport has implemented world best practices to achieve its goal of being an eco-friendly airport. The qualitative data gathered for the study were analysed using document analysis. The quantitative data were analysed using t-tests. Statistically significant results were found in the reduction in waste per passenger and aircraft movement (for total waste, incinerated waste, and landfill waste). In addition, a statistically significant increase in the proportion of waste recycled, and a decrease in the proportion of waste sent to landfill was observed. As such, quantitatively speaking, Kansai International Airport has shown significant waste management improvements. The study concludes that Kansai Airport’s waste management approaches and policies can be transferred to other airport facilities. This would greatly improve sustainability across airports, globally. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
The air cargo carrying potential of the Airbus A350-900xWB and Boeing 787-9 aircraft on their ultra-long-haul flights: A case study for flights from San Francisco to Singapore
(Sciendo, 2018) Glenn Baxter; Panarat Srisaeng; Graham Wild
The introduction of the Airbus A350-900 (A359) and the Boeing B787-9 (B789) have enabled airlines to operate ultra-long-range services. Using a mixed methods research design, this study has examined the air cargo-carrying potential of Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB (A359) and United Airlines Boeing B787-9 (789) aircraft on their ultra-long-haul San Francisco to Singapore and the Singapore to San Francisco air routes. The qualitative data was analysed using document analysis, and the air cargo payload was modelled by simulation. The air cargo-carrying potential of the two aircraft types was significantly influenced by enroute weather. In the event of eastbound winds, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB air cargo payload was 16.9 tonnes and the United Airlines Boeing 787-9 was 11.5 tonnes, when these flights had a full passenger payload. In the case of westbound winds with a full passenger payload, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB air cargo payload was 13.1 tonnes and the United Airlines Boeing 787-9 was 7.9 tonnes. When there were no winds on the air routes, the Singapore Airlines Airbus A350-900XWB offered 15.0 tonnes and the United Airline Boeing 787-9 offered 9.7 tonnes of air cargo payload, respectively. © 2018 Sciendo. All Rights Reserved.

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